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Chilblains: This happens to people in cold climates who don't have good blood circulation. The cold constricts small arteries and veins in the skin, and these cannot resize fast enough when the skin is rapidly heated, like taking a hot shower, which forces blood to break into surrounding tissue. Hence the symptoms: swelling, redness, and pain (we itch to block out the pain). To avoid them, don't shift from very cold to very hot suddenly, and exercise a bit more.   kellyjones00 (593)

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Apply antiseptic to cuts and scratches made by rusty items, and renew tetanus vaccination every ten years. It is not rust that causes tetanus infection, but that rusty items are, like tetanus endospores, usually found outdoors. The endospores start to metabolise in anaerobic conditions such as a wound.   kellyjones00 (593)

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Tips for those who get chilblains: - Avoid long periods of exposure to cold or damp weather. - Dry skin well after wetting. - Improve peripheral circulation to fingers and toes with daily exercise, especially in cold evenings. - Keep whole body warm, with layers instead of one bulky layer. Wear woollen socks and gloves, that are comfortable and don't compress the skin. - Don't apply heat or cold directly to skin. - Don't scratch or rub sores, as this slows healing. Use witch hazel or calamine lotion to soothe itching. Try lanoline rubbed into skin to help retain body heat.   kellyjones00 (593)

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